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A particle constrained to move along x-axis in the domain 0 \le x \le L has a wave function \psi(x) = \sin \left( \frac{n \pi x}{L} \right), where n is an integer. Normalize the wave function and evaluate the expectation value of momentum of the particle.
For the n^{\text{th}} state of linear harmonic oscillator, evaluate the uncertainty product (\Delta x) \cdot (\Delta p).
Calculate the zero point energy for a particle in an infinite potential well for the following cases : (i) a 100\text{ g} ball confined on a 5\text{ m} long line. (ii) an oxygen atom confined to a 2 \times 10^{-10}\text{ m} lattice. (iii) an electron confined to a 10^{-10}\text{ m} atom. Why zero point energy is not important for macroscopic objects ? Comment.
(i) Derive an expression for the period of Bloch oscillation for a one-dimensional crystal having lattice period a and electric field \varepsilon. (ii) Consider an electron in a perfectly periodic lattice, wherein the energy-wavenumber relationship in the first Brillouin zone is expressed as E = \frac{\hbar^2 k^2}{5\mathrm{m}_e} where \mathrm{m}_e is the mass of an electron in free space. Find the effective mass of the electron and hence write down the time-independent Schrodinger equation for the electron. Also determine the velocity of the electron. Ignore all interactions except between the electron and the lattice.
The time independent wave function of a system is \psi(x) = A \exp(ikx), where k is a constant. (i) Is this wave function normalizable in the domain -\infty < x < \infty? (ii) Calculate the probability current density for this function.
Consider the potential V(x) = \begin{cases} 0, & 0 < x < a \\ \infty, & \text{elsewhere} \end{cases} (a) Estimate the energies of the ground state as well as those of the first and the second excited states for (i) an electron enclosed in a box of size a = 10^{-10}\text{ m}. (ii) a 1\text{ g} metallic sphere which is moving in a box of size a = 10\text{ cm}. (b) Discuss the importance of the Quantum effects for both of these systems. (c) Estimate the velocities of the electron and the metallic sphere using uncertainty principle.
The components of arbitrary vectors \vec{A} and \vec{B} commute with those of \vec{\sigma}. Show that (\vec{\sigma} \cdot \vec{A})(\vec{\sigma} \cdot \vec{B}) = \vec{A} \cdot \vec{B} + i\vec{\sigma} \cdot (\vec{A} \times \vec{B}).
By assuming the nucleus as a cubical box of length equal to the nuclear diameter 10^{-12}\text{ cm}, calculate the kinetic energy of the highest level occupied nucleon of iron-56 nucleus.
The raising (J_+) and lowering (J_-) operators of total angular momentum are defined by J_+ = J_x + iJ_y and J_- = J_x - iJ_y. Find the values of the following : (i) [J_x, J_+] (ii) [J_y, J_+] (iii) J_- J_+
A particle of mass m is in a spherically symmetric attractive potential of radius a. Find the minimum depth of the potential needed to have two bound states of zero angular momentum.
Evaluate the most probable distance of the electron of the hydrogen atom in its 2p state. What is the radial probability density at that distance ?
Consider a stream of particles of mass m each moving in the positive x-direction with kinetic energy E towards the potential barrier V(x) = 0 \quad \text{for } x \le 0 V(x) = \frac{3E}{4} \quad \text{for } x > 0 Find the fraction of particles reflected at x = 0.
Consider a particle of mass m and charge q moving under the influence of a one dimensional harmonic oscillator potential. Assume it is placed in a constant electric field E. The Hamiltonian of this particle is therefore given by H = \frac{p^2}{2m} + \frac{1}{2} m \omega^2 X^2 - qEX. Obtain the energy expression and the wave function of the n\text{th} excited state of the particle.
An operator P describing the interaction of two spin \frac{1}{2} particles is P = a + b \vec{\sigma}_1 \cdot \vec{\sigma}_2, where a and b are constants, and \vec{\sigma}_1 and \vec{\sigma}_2 are Pauli matrices of the two spins. The total spin angular momentum \vec{S} = \vec{S}_1 + \vec{S}_2 = \frac{1}{2} \hbar (\vec{\sigma}_1 + \vec{\sigma}_2). Show that P, S^2 and S_z can be measured simultaneously.
The normalized eigenfunction for the ground state of hydrogen atom is \Psi_{100} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \left( \frac{Z}{a_0} \right)^{3/2} e^{-Zr/a_0} Calculate the expectation value of the radius vector r of the electron in the ground state.
An electron in a one-dimensional infinite potential well, defined by V(x)=0 for -a\leq x\leq a and V(x)=\infty otherwise, goes from n=4 to n=2 level and emits photon of frequency 3.43\times10^{14}\,\mathrm{Hz}. Calculate the width of the well. (Assume Plank's constant h=6.626\times10^{-34}\,\mathrm{J.S.} and mass of electron m=9.11\times10^{-31}\,\mathrm{kg})
A one-dimensional oscillator of mass m = 10^{-20}\text{ kg} oscillates under a force constant k = 10^{-4}\text{ N/m}. (i) Evaluate the zero-point energy. (ii) Calculate the classical amplitude for which the oscillator can have this energy. (iii) What is the energy for the second excited state?
An electron is confined to an infinite well whose width L (= 100\text{ pm}) is roughly the size of an atom. (i) What are the energies of four least energetic quantum states? (ii) What energy must be imparted to the electron to raise it from a state with n = 12 to a higher energy state with n = 25?
(i) Find the lowest energy of an electron confined in a three-dimensional cubic box of each side 1\text{ \AA}. (ii) Find the temperature at which the average energy of the molecule would be equal to the lowest energy of the electron. [Given : k = 1\cdot 38 \times 10^{-23}\text{ J/K}]
Show that E_n=\langle V\rangle in the stationary states of the hydrogen atom.